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Optical Tweezers: Principles and Applications
Philip H. Jones, Onofrio M. Maragò & Giovanni Volpe
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Preface and Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 — Introduction
Figure 1.1 — Optical forces in the sky
Figure 1.2 — Basic experimental design
Figure 1.3 — Optical trapping regimes
Part I — Theory
Chapter 2 — Ray Optics
Figure 2.1 — Reflection and transmission on a prism
Figure 2.2 — From electromagnetic waves to rays
Figure 2.3 — Reflection and transmission at a planar interface
Figure 2.4 — Fresnel’s coefficients
Figure 2.5 — Ray optics forces
Figure 2.6 — Scattering of a ray on a sphere
Figure 2.7 — Trapping efficiencies
Figure 2.8 — Counter-propagating optical tweezers
Figure 2.9 — Optical trapping by two rays
Figure 2.10 — Focusing a paraxial light beam
Figure 2.11 — Optical trap stiffness
Figure 2.12 — Dependence of optical forces on numerical aperture
Figure 2.13 — Optical traps with non-uniform beams
Figure 2.14 — Optical force and torque on a cylinder
Figure 2.15 — Trapping non-convex shapes and windmill effect
Box 2.2 — Optical aberrations
Chapter 3 — Dipole Approximation
Figure 3.1 — Electric dipole induced on an atom
Figure 3.2 — Electric dipole in an electrostatic field
Figure 3.3 — Dipole potential and electric field
Figure 3.4 — Separation of charges due to polarisation
Figure 3.5 — Oscillating dipole
Figure 3.6 — Polarisability
Figure 3.7 — The optical theorem
Figure 3.8 — Gradient force
Figure 3.9 — Scattering force
Figure 3.10 — Spin-curl force
Figure 3.11 — Complex polarisability
Figure 3.12 — Dielectric function of gold
Figure 3.13 — Optical binding
Chapter 4 — Optical Beams and Focusing
Figure 4.1 — Optical beams and optical components
Figure 4.2 — Electromagnetic waves
Figure 4.3 — Plane waves and evanescent waves
Figure 4.4 — Angular spectrum representation
Figure 4.5 — From near field to far field
Figure 4.6 — Gaussian beam
Figure 4.7 — Hermite-Gaussian beams
Figure 4.8 — Laguerre-Gaussian beams
Figure 4.9 — Non-diffracting beams
Figure 4.10 — Cylindrical vector beams
Figure 4.11 — Focusing of an optical beam
Figure 4.12 — Intensity law of geometrical optics
Figure 4.13 — Focal fields
Figure 4.14 — Optical forces on a dipole
Figure 4.15 — Focusing near an interface
Figure 4.16 — Focal fields in the presence of spherical aberrations at an interface
Figure 4.17 — Evanescent focus
Chapter 5 — Electromagnetic Theory
Figure 5.1 — Comparison of optical forces calculated in various trapping regimes
Figure 5.2 — Spherical harmonics
Figure 5.3 — Spherical Bessel functions
Figure 5.4 — The scattering problem
Figure 5.5 — Vector spherical harmonics
Figure 5.6 — Mie coefficients and Mie scattering
Figure 5.7 — Radiation force of a plane wave on a sphere
Figure 5.8 — Reference frames for a focused beam
Figure 5.9 — Radiation force on a sphere in an optical tweezers
Figure 5.10 — Orbital angular momentum on a sphere
Chapter 6 — Computational Methods
Figure 6.1 — Complex non-spherical particles
Figure 6.2 — Discrete dipole approximation
Figure 6.3 — Yee grid for finite-difference time domain (FDTD)
Chapter 7 — Brownian Motion
Figure 7.1 — Brownian motion
Figure 7.2 — Deterministic randomness
Figure 7.3 — Theories of Brownian motion: Trajectories and probability distributions
Figure 7.4 — A random walk
Figure 7.5 — Simulation of white noise and random walk
Figure 7.6 — Simulation of the motion of an optically trapped particle
Figure 7.7 — ACF and MSD of an optically trapped particle
Figure 7.8 — Inertial and diffusive regimes
Figure 7.9 — Brownian particle in a diffusion gradient
Part II — Practice
Chapter 8 — Building an Optical Tweezers*
Figure 8.1 — Homemade optical tweezers
Figure 8.2 — Homemade inverted microscope
Figure 8.3 — Objectives
Figure 8.4 — Köhler illumination
Figure 8.5 — Contrast enhancement techniques
Figure 8.6 — Sample preparation
Figure 8.7 — Wavelength dependence of water absorption and photodamage to biological samples
Figure 8.8 — Alignment of the laser beam to generate an optical tweezers
Figure 8.9 — Beam alignment technique
Figure 8.10 — Back-scattered light patterns from a focused beam
Figure 8.11 — Lens shapes
Figure 8.12 — Action of lenses illustrated with ray diagrams
Figure 8.13 — Optically trapped particle
Figure 8.14 — Trap steering
Chapter 9 — Data Acquisition and Optical Tweezers Calibration*
Figure 9.1 — Optical tweezers calibration
Figure 9.2 — Digital video microscopy
Figure 9.3 — Optically trapped particle tracked by digital video microscopy
Figure 9.4 — Microscope calibration
Figure 9.5 — Interferometric position detection set-up
Figure 9.6 — Transverse forward scattering and transverse position detection
Figure 9.7 — Longitudinal forward scattering and longitudinal position detection
Figure 9.8 — Optically trapped particle tracked by interferometry
Figure 9.9 — Backward scattering position detection
Figure 9.10 — Potential and equipartition analysis
Figure 9.11 — Mean square displacement analysis
Figure 9.12 — Autocorrelation analysis
Figure 9.13 — Cross-correlation function and crosstalk reduction
Figure 9.14 — Power spectrum analysis
Figure 9.15 — Noise tests
Figure 9.16 — Oscillating optical tweezers
Chapter 10 — Photonic Force Microscope
Figure 10.1 — Force measurement techniques on the nanoscale
Figure 10.2 — Photonic force microscope
Figure 10.3 — Photonic force microscope with rotational force fields
Figure 10.3 — Photonic force microscope with rotational force fields
Figure 10.4 — Photonic force microscope in a rotationally symmetric potential
Figure 10.5 — Photonic force microscope in a non-rotationally-symmetric potential
Figure 10.6 — Stability diagram
Figure 10.7 — Force measurement from equilibrium distribution
Figure 10.8 — Force measurement from drift velocity
Figure 10.9 — Spurious force
Figure 10.10 — Direct force measurement
Figure 10.11 — Set-ups for direct force measurement
Box 10.1 — Total internal reflection microscopy
Chapter 11 — Wavefront Engineering and Holographic Optical Tweezers*
Figure 11.1 — Rotating particles in Laguerre-Gaussian beams
Figure 11.2 — HOT working principle
Figure 11.3 — Gratings and Fresnel lenses
Figure 11.4 — The Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm
Figure 11.5 — The adaptive-additive algorithm
Figure 11.6 — Laguerre-Gaussian beams
Figure 11.7 — HOT configurations
Figure 11.8 — HOT set-up
Figure 11.9 — Holographically optically trapped particles
Chapter 12 — Advanced Techniques
Figure 12.1 — Self-induced back action optical trap
Figure 12.2 — Basic configurations of spectroscopic optical tweezers
Figure 12.3 — Concrete implementations of spectroscopic optical tweezers
Figure 12.4 — Experimental realisation of colloidal quasicrystals
Figure 12.5 — Speckle optical tweezers
Figure 12.6 — Counter-propagating optical traps
Figure 12.7 — Optical fibre traps
Figure 12.8 — Evanescent wave trapping
Figure 12.9 — Optical waveguide forces
Figure 12.10 — Evanescent optical binding
Figure 12.11 — Plasmonic traps
Figure 12.12 — Self-induced back action traps
Figure 12.13 — User interfaces for controlling haptic optical tweezers
Part III — Applications
Chapter 13 — Single Molecule Biophysics
Figure 13.1 — Single molecule assay using a dual optical tweezers
Figure 13.2 — Probing the mechanical properties of single DNA molecules
Figure 13.3 — Probing DNA thermal fluctuations
Figure 13.4 — Twisting DNA
Figure 13.5 — Probing the mechanics of molecular motors
Chapter 14 — Cell Biology
Figure 14.1 — Optically guided neuronal growth
Figure 14.2 — Measurement of the strength of the cytoskeleton-integrin bond
Figure 14.3 — Measurement of bacterial adhesion forces
Figure 14.4 — Directed growth of neurons
Chapter 15 — Spectroscopy
Figure 15.1 — Raman spectra of optically trapped red blood cells
Figure 15.2 — Jablonsky diagram and photoluminescence spectrum
Figure 15.3 — Raman spectra of carbon tetrachloride and graphene
Figure 15.4 — Energy levels schemes for different scattering processes
Figure 15.5 — Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
Chapter 16 — Optofluidics and Lab on a Chip
Figure 16.1 — Light-driven lab-on-a-chip concept
Figure 16.2 — Microfluidic sorting in a optical lattice
Figure 16.3 — Microfluidic sorting in a speckle pattern
Figure 16.4 — Fibre tweezers integrated into microfluidic devices
Figure 16.5 — Selective optical trapping with a photonic crystal cavity
Figure 16.6 — Light-driven micromachines
Figure 16.7 — Microassembly of reconfigurable microenvironments
Chapter 17 — Colloid Science
Figure 17.1 — Hydrodynamic synchronisation of colloids
Figure 17.2 — Hydrodynamic interactions between trapped colloidal particles
Figure 17.3 — Electrostatic interactions between trapped colloidal particles
Figure 17.4 — Depletion interactions between colloidal particles
Chapter 18 — Microchemistry
Figure 18.1 — Optically trapped vesicle
Figure 18.2 — Coagulation of optically trapped aerosol droplets
Figure 18.3 — Vesicle membrane manipulation by optical tweezers
Figure 18.4 — Controlled vesicle fusion in optical tweezers
Chapter 19 — Aerosol Science
Figure 19.1 — Photophoretic optical trap
Figure 19.2 — Aerosol optical tweezers
Figure 19.3 — Photophoretic optical trap
Chapter 20 — Statistical Physics
Figure 20.1 — Interplay of random and deterministic forces
Figure 20.2 — Kramers transitions
Figure 20.3 — Stochastic resonance
Figure 20.4 — Spurious drift without flux
Figure 20.5 — Holographically assembled quasicrystals
Figure 20.6 — Anomalous diffusion in a random potential
Chapter 21 — Nanothermodynamics
Figure 21.1 — Violation of the second law for microscopic systems
Figure 21.2 — Experimental realisation of Maxwell’s demon
Figure 21.3 — Microscopic Stirling cycle
Chapter 22 — Plasmonics
Figure 22.1 — Plasmonic response of metal nanostructures
Figure 22.2 — Trapping of plasmonic nanowires
Figure 22.3 — Trapping of plasmonic nanoparticles
Figure 22.4 — Optical binding induced by surface plasmons
Figure 22.5 — Plasmonic optical tweezers
Figure 22.6 — Optical traps based on plasmonic nanoantennas
Figure 22.7 — Optical traps based on plasmonic nanoapertures
Chapter 23 — Nanostructures
Figure 23.1 — Nanotweezers
Figure 23.2 — Photoluminescence of nanowires
Figure 23.3 — Carbon-based materials
Figure 23.4 — Optical force lithography
Chapter 24 — Laser Cooling and Trapping of Atoms
Figure 24.1 — The road towards ultra-cold atoms
Figure 24.2 — Two-level atom and optical molasses
Figure 24.3 — Sub-Doppler cooling
Figure 24.4 — Bose-Einstein condensation
Figure 24.5 — Transfer of orbital angular momentum to a BEC
Figure 24.6 — Arrays of holographically trapped single atoms
Figure 24.7 — Superfluid Mott transition
Chapter 25 — Towards the Quantum Regime at the Mesoscale
Figure 25.1 — Cavity optomechanics
Figure 25.2 — Laser cooling of a microparticle
Figure 25.3 — Laser cooling of a nanoparticle
Figure 25.4 — Near-resonant laser cooling
Software
OTS — the Optical Tweezers Software
OTGO — Optical Tweezers in Geometrical Optics
Code Examples
Videos
Setups — Construction and Operation
Optical Tweezers
Holographic Optical Tweezers
Speckle Optical Tweezers
Geometrical optics
Brownian Motion in an Optical Trap (Low NA)
Brownian Motion in an Optical Trap (Medium NA)
Brownian Motion in an Optical Trap (High NA)
Ray on Sphere (High Refractive Index)
Ray on Sphere (Low Refractive Index)
Trapping Efficiency (High Refractive Index)
Trapping Efficiency (Low Refractive Index)
Optical trapping of an ellipsoidal particle
Kramers’ transitions in a double optical trap
Errata
Signal a Mistake
Contact the Authors
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OTGO
OTGO Guide 1.0.0
OTGO Examples 1.0.0
OTGO 1.0.0