(a) Graphene is a two-dimensional building material for carbon materials of all other dimensionalities: it can be wrapped up into (zero-dimensional) buckyballs, rolled into (one-dimensional) nanotubes or stacked into (three-dimensional) graphite. (b, c) Carbon nanotubes were the first example of carbon nanostructures to be optically trapped.
Figure (a) is reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Geim and Novoselov, Nature Materi. 6, 183–91, copyright 2007.
Figures (b) and (c) are reprinted with permission from Maragò et al., Nano Lett. 8, 3211–16. Copyright (2008) American Chemical Society.
Fig. 23.3 — Carbon-based materials